(34.1) The Swadeshi Movement was a nationalist movement in which people were mobilised to boycott foreign cloth and promote Indian-made goods.

(34.2) Cotton piece goods production doubled between 1900 and 1912 because Indian industrialists shifted from yarn to cloth production. This happened as Indian yarn exports to China declined, since Chinese and Japanese mills had flooded the Chinese market.

(34.3) Two events that helped India regain its market:

• World War I: British mills became busy with war production, so Manchester imports into India declined. Indian mills got a vast home market to supply.
• War demand: Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs — jute bags, army uniforms, tents, leather boots, etc. — boosting industrial production enormously.

Source: The Age of Industrialisation, Industrialisation in the Colonies

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• (34.1) is 1 mark — one line defining Swadeshi is enough.
• (34.2) is 1 mark — mention both the cause (yarn exports to China fell) and the effect (shift to cloth production).
• (34.3) is 2 marks — two distinct points needed. Both points must come from the passage: WWI reducing imports and war-time demand for Indian goods. Examiners look for use of passage evidence; do not bring in outside information for source-based questions.

(A) Iron and Steel

With the expansion of railways in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from the 1860s, the demand for iron and steel increased rapidly.

The passage from Chapter 4, Section 1.2 directly states that after the 1840s, the iron and steel industry led the way, and railway expansion drove up its demand. Cotton was dominant before the 1840s, making (B) incorrect. Aluminium/Bauxite and Copper are not mentioned in this context.

(34.1) British Manchester industrialists marketed goods in India by putting labels on cloth bundles, mentioning the place of manufacture and the company name to make them familiar to Indian buyers.

(34.2) New consumers were created by making products appear desirable and necessary through advertisements. Advertisements shaped the minds of people and created new needs, thus expanding the market.

(34.3) Advertisements during industrialization conveyed two key messages:

• Quality assurance — Labels like 'MADE IN MANCHESTER' were meant to be a mark of quality, making buyers feel confident.
• Brand identity — The label made the place of manufacture and the company name familiar to the buyer, building trust in the product.

Source: The Age of Industrialisation, Market for Goods

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• (34.1) is straightforward — focus on the label on cloth bundles with place of manufacture and company name.
• (34.2) Pick the direct line from the passage: advertisements make products "desirable and necessary" and "create new needs."
• (34.3) For 2 marks, give two distinct messages — quality (confidence in buying) and brand/identity (familiarity). Both are explicitly stated in the passage. Avoid going outside the passage for a source-based question.

(34.1) The first cotton mill in India was set up in Bombay in 1854 (it went into production in 1856).

(34.2) Two early industrialists of India: Dwarkanath Tagore (Bengal) and Dinshaw Petit (Bombay).

(34.3) Many Indian entrepreneurs survived British economic controls through the following ways:

• They avoided direct competition with British goods by producing items not manufactured by British mills.
• They focused on internal trade and money-lending, which gave them capital to invest in industries.
• Some industrialists built close networks with local suppliers and markets, reducing dependence on British firms.
• They reinvested profits carefully and relied on family and community-based financing to sustain their businesses.

Source: The Age of Industrialisation, Chapter 4 (Class 10 History)

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• (34.1) is directly from the passage — 1854, Bombay. Don't confuse with 1856 (when production started).
• (34.2) The passage does NOT name industrialists, so draw from textbook knowledge. Dwarkanath Tagore, Dinshaw Petit, Jamsetji Tata, and G.D. Birla are standard CBSE examples — name any two.
• (34.3) This is a 2-mark inference/knowledge question. The passage provides context; the answer requires textbook knowledge about survival strategies. Examiners expect 2–3 clear points. Avoid vague statements — be specific (e.g., avoided competition, community financing, internal trade).

(a) James Watt

James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781.

The source passage explicitly states: "James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781." Thomas Edison, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Fleming are associated with other inventions (bulb/electricity, lightning rod, and penicillin respectively). Always recall exact names and context from the chapter.

(34.1) Manchester imports declined in India because British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, leaving little capacity for export to India.

(34.2) After the war, Britain was unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan. Its economy crumbled, cotton production collapsed, and exports of cotton cloth fell dramatically, so Manchester could never recapture its old position.

(34.3) Two benefits of the First World War to India:

• Expansion of Indian industry: Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs — jute bags, army uniforms, tents, boots, saddles — leading to new factories, multiple shifts, and an industrial boom.
• Growth of home market: With Manchester imports declining, Indian mills gained a vast home market; local industrialists consolidated their position and substituted foreign manufacturers.

Source: Chapter – The Age of Industrialisation, The Making of a Global World / India and the Contemporary World – II

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• (34.1) is 1 mark — one direct cause from the passage is enough.
• (34.2) is 1 mark — focus on Britain's inability to modernise and competition from US/Germany/Japan; don't over-explain.
• (34.3) is 2 marks — name two distinct benefits with a brief explanation each. Both points must come from the passage. Examiners expect specific examples (jute bags, uniforms, etc.) to show close reading. Avoid writing outside the passage for source-based questions.

The colonial administrative system was made more rational and efficient through three key developments:

1. Railways: The introduction of railways enabled faster movement of goods, troops, and officials across vast territories. It helped the British consolidate political control and ensured efficient supply chains for trade and governance.

1. Print Culture: Print allowed standardisation of laws, official records, and regulations. Printed documents, notices, and reports made communication between administrative units uniform and systematic, reducing dependence on oral traditions.

1. Western-style Administration: The British established a formal bureaucracy with paid officials (like gomasthas), clear hierarchies, and written rules. This eliminated informal local arrangements, enforced uniform control, and reduced competition — as seen when the East India Company used systematic management to control weavers and monopolise trade.

Together, these changes replaced fragmented, personalised local systems with a centralised, standardised colonial administration.

Source: Chapter 4 (The Making of a Global World / Age of Industrialisation), Section 3.2

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• The question asks you to analyse, so don't just describe — show how each factor contributed to rationality/efficiency.
• CBSE expects roughly 3 distinct points for a 5-mark answer of this type.
• The source passages directly support the gomasthas/company control point; extrapolate railways and print logically from the given texts.
• Avoid vague phrases like "it was very helpful." Use precise terms: centralised control, standardised, uniform, monopoly.
• End with a brief concluding line tying all three together — examiners reward this for full marks.