(i) Ray diagrams for a convex mirror:
Case 1: A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, appears to diverge from the principal focus F (behind the mirror).
Case 2: A ray directed towards the principal focus F, after reflection, emerges parallel to the principal axis.
(Diagrams should show the convex mirror with centre of curvature C and focus F behind the mirror, with reflected rays diverging as described.)
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(ii) Given: h = 1.5 cm, f = −12 cm (concave), u = −18 cm
Using mirror formula:
$$\frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u} = \frac{1}{f}$$
$$\frac{1}{v} = \frac{1}{f} - \frac{1}{u} = \frac{1}{-12} - \frac{1}{-18} = \frac{-3+2}{36} = \frac{-1}{36}$$
$$v = -36 \text{ cm}$$
The image is formed 36 cm in front of the mirror (real and inverted).
Magnification:
$$m = -\frac{v}{u} = -\frac{-36}{-18} = -2$$
Size of image: $h' = m \times h = -2 \times 1.5 = -3$ cm
The image is 3 cm tall, real, inverted, and magnified.
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