(a) James Watt
James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781.
The source passage explicitly states: "James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781." Thomas Edison, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Fleming are associated with other inventions (bulb/electricity, lightning rod, and penicillin respectively). Always recall exact names and context from the chapter.