(c) Black soil
Black soil is formed from lava flows (volcanic/basalt rock) of the Deccan Trap and is rich in minerals like calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
Source: Resources and Development, Classification of Soils – Black Soil
The key phrase is "weathering of volcanic rock." The textbook states black soil is typical of the Deccan Trap (Basalt) region made up of lava flows. Laterite forms due to leaching in heavy rainfall; alluvial soil is deposited by rivers; desert soil is sandy. Examiners expect you to link "volcanic rock/basalt/lava" directly to black soil.