How does the Indian Constitution define the distribution of powers between the centre and the states ? Explain with examples.
Generated by claude-sonnet-4-6 · 2026-06-15 06:58 · grounding rag
Model Answer
The Indian Constitution distributes powers between the Centre and states through a three-fold distribution using three lists:
- Union List – 97 subjects of national importance (e.g., defence, foreign affairs, banking, currency). Only the Central Government can make laws on these.
- State List – 66 subjects of local importance (e.g., police, agriculture, irrigation). Only State Governments can make laws on these.
- Concurrent List – 47 subjects of common interest (e.g., education, forests, marriage). Both Centre and States can legislate; in case of conflict, Central law prevails.
Residuary powers (subjects not in any list, e.g., computer software) are given to the Union Government.
Source: Democratic Politics – II, Chapter 2: Federalism
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Explanation
- Examiners expect all three lists named with examples — this earns the bulk of marks.
- Mention residuary powers briefly for a complete answer.
- Do not write lengthy paragraphs; a numbered list with one-line explanations is ideal for 3 marks.
- The conflict-resolution rule (Central law prevails) for Concurrent List is a frequently tested detail — include it.